India Mindful about Pakistan Sensitivities over Afghanistan

India Mindful about Pakistan Sensitivities over Afghanistan

Karzai Leaves for Maldives to Attend SAARC Conference

source :tolonews


Afghan President Hamid Karzai flew to Maldives on Wednesday morning to participate in the SAARC conference.

A presidential spokesman Hamid Elmi says that Mr Karzai will attend the 17th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation which is going to be held on November 10th.

The conference will discuss regional political, economical, cultural and security cooperation.

Mr Karzai will meet Maldives president Mohammad Nasheed on the sideline of the meeting.

Afghan Minister of Foreign Affairs Zalmai Rasool and Dr Rangin Dadfar Spanta, National Security Advisor to president, is accompanying Mr Karzai.

SAARC was formed in 1985 to discuss regional issues. Afghanistan received membership of the SAARC in 2007.

@Abu Mohammad Hamkar -www.noorzaileader.blogspot.com

Russia to Help in Afghanistan Reconstruction, Economic Reform

The Russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin following the Shanghai session vowed that his country was willing to contribute to reconstruction and economical reform in Afghanistan.

Mr Putin also expressed concern about poppy cultivation and smuggling in Afghanistan.

Speaking during the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit, Mr Putin said his country was prepared to contribute in the reconstruction and economic reform of Afghanistan.

He also insisted that ensuring stability and security in the region, fighting against terrorism, organised crimes and opium is among the priorities and irreversible conditions of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

He also emphasised that a stable Afghanistan is beneficial for the entire region.

The Premier said that Russia was ready to take part in projects which are essential to Afghan economy, and that his country was keen to continue its cooperation with its Afghan counterparts.


source : tolonews.com
Hamkar

Afghanistan ministry of Education Found $ 55.1 million Dollar .

Afghanistan ministry of Education Found 55.1 millioin Dollar to invest in Tribal Areas and insecure Provinces and schools in Afghanistan
Donated by a Conference in Denmark .
This Conference is held in Denmark and 56 countries participated and the mission of this conference is to help education system across the world and first time Afghanistan became the member of this conference and this message was sent by Mr.Farooq wardak Sahib during an interview with bbcpashto.com
The Advantages of this Donation is for those childern who are not avail of education and schools so this Donation will help children in education .


http://www.bbc.co.uk/pashto/multimedia/2011/11/111108_dr_faroq_wardag.shtml

Written by : Abu Mohammad Hamkar
All rights Reserved @ www.noorzaileader.blogspot.com

Happy EID UL ADHA ( د نیکمرغه اختر تولو مسلمانانو ته مبارکی وایم(عید سعید قربان رابرای تمام مسلمانان چه .

Wishing ALl the Viewers of my Blogspot and Entire Muslim of the world Happy EID UL ADHA .

I Hope Peace comes in our Dear Country Afghanistan with Coming of This EID and my Message to entire Afghans in The world is to Enjoy Their EID Wherever They are and I Request all those rich Afghans Within Afghanistan To Help Orphan and Poor Children in Afghanistan and Make them Happy With lots of Gifts .

Regards

Abu Mohammad Hamkar
www.noorzaileader.blogspot.com

Durrani Empire (درانیانو واکمني ),

ٍEdit : Hamkar
Source : wikipedia




The Durrani Empire (Pashto: د درانیانو واکمني, also referred to as the Afghan Empire. was a Pashtun dynasty centered in Afghanistan and included northeastern Iran, the Kashmir region, the modern state of Pakistan, and northwestern India. It was established at Kandahar in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, an Afghan military commander under Nader Shah of Persia and chief of the Abdali tribe.[4] After the death of Ahmad Shah in about 1773, the Emirship was passed onto his children followed by grandchildren and its capital was shifted to Kabul. Ahmad Shah and his descendants were from the Sadozai line of the Abdalis (later called Durranis), making them the second Pashtun rulers of Kandahar, after the Ghilzai Hotakis.[5][6]
With the support of tribal leaders, Ahmad Shah Durrani extended Afghan control from Meshed to Kashmir and Delhi, from the Amu Darya to the Arabian Sea.[7] Next to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani was the greatest Muslim Empire in the second half of the eighteenth century.[7] The Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the current state of Afghanistan,[8] with Ahmad Shah Durrani being credited as "Father" of Afghanistan.[6][9] Even before the death of Nader Shah of Persia in 1747, tribes around the Hindu Kush region had been growing stronger and were beginning to take advantage of the waning power of their distant rulers



Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747-1772)

Ahmad Shah Durrani
Nader Shah's Turkmen Afsharid rule ended in June 1747 after being murdered by his Persian soldiers.[10] In October of 1747, when the chiefs of the Afghans met at a loya jirga (grand council) in Kandahar to select a new ruler for the Abdali confederation, the young 25-year-old Ahmad Shah Abdali was chosen. Despite being younger than other claimants, Abdali had several overriding factors in his favor:
He was a direct descendant of Asadullah Khan, patriarch of the Sadozai clan, the most prominent tribe amongst the Pashtun people at the time;
He was unquestionably a charismatic leader and seasoned warrior who had at his disposal a trained, mobile force of 4,000 loyal cavalrymen;[7]
Not least, he possessed a substantial part of Nadir Shah's treasury.
One of Abdali's first acts as chief was to adopt the title Padshah durr-i durrān ('King, "pearl of the age"[11] or "pearl of pearls").[7] The name may have been suggested, as some claim, from Abdali's dream, or as others claim, from the pearl earrings worn by the royal guard of Nadir Shah. The Abdali Pashtuns were known thereafter as the Durrani, and the name of the Abdali confederation was changed to Durrani .

Third Battle of Panipat
Main article: Third Battle of Panipat
The Mughal power in northern India had been declining since the reign of Aurangzeb, who died in 1707; In 1751-52, Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when Balaji Bajirao was the Peshwa.[14] Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their capital at Pune and Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (the Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao. He succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule.[15] Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Ahmad was forced to return to India and face the formidable attacks of the Maratha Confederacy.
Ahmad Shah declared a jihad (or Islamic holy war) against the Marathas, and warriors from various Pashtun tribes, as well as other tribes such as the Baloch, Tajiks, and Nawabs in India, answered his call. Early skirmishes were followed by victory for the Afghans against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau. Once again, Panipat was the scene of a confrontation between two warring contenders for control of northern India. The Third Battle of Panipat (January 1761), fought between largely Muslim and largely Hindu armies was waged along a twelve-kilometer front. Despite decisively defeating the Marathas, what might have been Ahmad Shah's peaceful control of his domains was disrupted by other challenges.
[edit]Decline


Afghan royal soldiers of the Durrani Empire.
The victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah's—and Afghan—power. His Durrani empire was one of the largest Islamic empires in the world at that time.[16] However, even prior to his death, the empire began to unravel. In 1762, Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from Afghanistan for the sixth time to subdue the Sikhs. He assaulted Lahore and, after taking their holy city of Amritsar, massacred thousands of Sikh inhabitants, destroying their revered Golden Temple. Within two years, the Sikhs rebelled again and rebuilt their holy city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah tried several more times to subjugate the Sikhs permanently, but failed.
Ahmad Shah also faced other rebellions in the north, and eventually he and the Uzbek Emir of Bukhara agreed that the Amu Darya would mark the division of their lands. Ahmad Shah retired to his home in the mountains east of Kandahar, where he died on (April 14, 1773).[17] He had succeeded to a remarkable degree in balancing tribal alliances and hostilities, and in directing tribal energies away from rebellion. He earned recognition as Ahmad Shah Baba, or "Father" of Afghanistan.[6][9]
The main cause of the decline of the Durrani Empire was relentless efforts of the Sikhs. After suffering at the hands of the Afghans the Sikhs reunited, and as more and more Hindus converted to Sikhism, their army increased and they were able to re-capture Amritsar (1802), Ludhiana (1806), Multan, Kashmir, Laddakh, Peshawar, the Khyber Pass and Lahore. By the time Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire died, the Sikhs had taken almost all of Pakistan and Kashmir from the Afghans. Dost Mohammad of the Afghans put up much resistance, even defeating Ranjit Singh in Kandahar, but that did not stop the Sikhs from capturing Peshawar. Dost Mohammad and the Afghans were defeated in 1814, giving the Sikhs control of the strategically important Khyber Pass.[18][19]
The last Sikh-Afghan battle was fought in 1837. The construction of Fort Jamrud next to Afghanistan made the Durrani rulers feel that Kabul was insecure, so Dost Muhammad and Akbar Khan led an attack on that fort. This failed however, and the Sikhs not only saved Fort Jamrud but also captured the Khyber Pass, which connects Pakistan and Afghanistan. The death of Hari Singh was the only solace for the Afghans. After this, the death of Ranjit Singh and the Sikh-Anglo war stopped the Sikh Empire from growing any further.
Forming a nation


By the time of Ahmad Shah's ascendancy, the Pashtuns included many groups whose origins were obscure; it is commonly believed they descended from ancient Aryan tribes, some, such as the Ghilzai, believe they may have intermingled with Turks, and some believe to be descendents of the Israelites that might have settled in the Pashtun areas. The Durranis are Persianized in culture due to their contacts with the nearby Persians. What they had in common was their education and love of Islam. To the east, the Waziris and their close relatives, the Mahsuds, had lived in the hills of the central Sulaiman Mountains since the 14th century. By the end of the 16th century, when the final Turkish-Mongol invasions occurred, tribes such as the Shinwaris, Yusufzais and Mohmands had moved from the upper Kabul River valley into the valleys and plains west, north, and northeast of Peshawar. The Afridis had long been established in the hills and mountain ranges south of the Khyber Pass. By the end of the eighteenth century, the Durranis had blanketed the area west and north of Kandahar and were to be found as far east as Quetta, Baluchistan.

Rail transport in Afghanistan

Rail transport in Afghanistan

Edited by : Abu Mohammad "Hamkar"
Source : Wikipedia

Railways were planned in Afghanistan since the 19th century but never completed due to the Great Game between the Russian and British empires followed by the Soviets and the Americans. At least one rail track was built in the capital of Kabul during the 1920s but was dismantled as Afghan leaders resisted the railway age. Various rail projects have been proposed in recent years, to support mining projects which would drive economic growth.
Currently there is a rail service between Uzbekistan and the city of Mazar-i-Sharif in the north.[1] The Afghan government expects to have the line extended to Kabul and then to the eastern border town of Torkham, connecting with Pakistan Railways. The work is carried out by China Metallurgical Group Corporation (MCC) and is expected to be completed by 2014.[2] Another $350 million rail way project between Mazar-i-Sharif and Turkmenistan is in the early phase.[3] India is finalising a plan to construct a 900-km railway line that will connect Chabahar port in Iran, being built with Indian help, to the mineral-rich Hajigak region of Afghanistan.


Proposed railways


Over the last century and a half, plenty of proposals have been made about building railways in Afghanistan. In 1885, the New York Times wrote about plans for connecting the Russian Transcaspian Railway, then under construction, with British India via Sarakhs, Herat, and Kandahar. When completed, the project would allow British officers to travel from London to India, mostly by rail, in 11 to 12 days (crossing the English Channel, the Black Sea, and the Caspian Sea by boat).[6]
About 1928, proposals were put forward for a railway to link Jalalabad with Kabul, eventually connecting to the (then) Indian system at Peshawar. Lines to join Kabul with Kandahar and Herat would follow later. Owing to political upheavals these plans were not implemented.



Hajigak-Chabahar railway

India is finalising a plan to construct a 900-km railway line that will connect Chabahar port in Iran, being built with Indian help, to the mineral-rich Hajigak region of Afghanistan